A newly-ordained bishop is reportedly being held after announcing he was quitting the body that oversees China's state-sanctioned Catholic Church.
Thaddeus Ma Daqin, Shanghai's auxiliary bishop, announced his resignation from the Catholic Patriotic Association (CPA) at his ordination mass last week.
Catholic media and other religious sources say he has been confined in a seminary near Shanghai.
There has been longstanding tension between Beijing and the Vatican.
The Vatican, which appointed Mr Ma, does not recognise the CPA. The Chinese church in turn rejects the Pope's authority.
Shanghai's Vatican loyalists
Shanghai is a strong centre of Roman Catholicism and three Jesuit bishops there have fallen foul of the Chinese authorities for their loyalty to the Pope:
- Ignatius Kung Ordained bishop in 1949, imprisoned for 30 years. Secretly made cardinal in the 1970s but did not get his red hat until he left China in 1991
- Joseph Fan Ordained co-adjutor bishop in secret in 1985, he was imprisoned for long periods and eventually became an underground bishop
- Aloysius Jin Imprisoned for nearly 20 years till 1985 when he was released and made bishop without papal approval. Now he is recognised by the Holy See and CPA
China's estimated 10 million Catholics are split between followers of the Pope and the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association.
Reports said Mr Ma told a 1,000-strong congregation that he was stepping down from the governing body to focus on his new responsibilities. This drew loud applause, said a report in the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post newspaper.
But analysts say the move was seen as a challenge to Chinese state control over Catholic churches and clergy.
Mr Ma did not return for Mass on Sunday and is said to have been taken away to a seminary in Shanghai and forbidden contact with others, according to an Associated Press report, citing Catholic researcher Anthony Lam and the AsiaNews and UCAnews websites.
The vice chairman of the CPA, Liu Bainian, has also said that he is awaiting the results of an investigation into Mr Ma, according to Hong Kong's Ming Pao newspaper.
China broke off diplomatic relations with the Vatican in 1951, but in recent years tensions between Beijing and Rome had eased somewhat, with the occasional visit by a senior Vatican cardinal.
Relations suffered a setback in 2010 with the consecration of the first Chinese bishop for almost five years without the approval of Rome.
